Bibliography and Additional Readings

Text Citations and Annotations:

Borkent, A. “Norse loanwords in Old and Middle Irish. A semantic analysis of the Irish-Norse (language) contact situation.” Utrecht University, MA Thesis.

I utilized Borkent’s research in order to facilitate my argument that there are records recovered that directly displays social cohesion between the Vikings and Irish through the sharing/exchange of language. Also, I utilized Borkent’s discoveries within shared language between the Gaelic and Scandinavians to assert the cohesion that occurred within major Viking settlements such as the urban center of Dublin.

Clarke, Howard B, Ruth Johnson. The Vikings in Ireland and Beyond: Before and After the Battle of Clontarf. Four Courts, 2015.

I utilized this source by Clarke and Johnson in a variety of ways within my website as they gave my generic Infromation on the Vikings, how they first arrived in Ireland, how they were initially perceived, and how they began to create permanent settlements within Ireland. Without this source much of my background information on my settlement page and other would be significantly lacking as it provided good starting points to build my argument off of.

Annals of Ulster 431-1201. List of Published Texts at CELT (ucc.ie).

This source served a great importance within my website as it is my sole link to the primary thoughts of the medieval Irish and thus their recorded perceptions of the Vikings. Without the inclusion of the information contained in source most of this website would be rooted in theoretical assertions based upon uncovered archaeological sites. Specifically, I utilized this source to describe the initial horrific response to the arrival of the Vikings, but also used the language contained in the Annals to argue for the social and economic cohesion between the Vikings and Irish as written associations altered.

Doherty, Charles. “Exchange and Trade in Early Medieval Ireland. The Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland 110 (1980): 67-89. http://www.jstor.org/stable/25508776.

This source by Doherty served my website as a source for background information on the nature of trade and economic cohesion between the Vikings and Irish. Thus, this source served my argument well as it gave me a generic background to build my argument off of and combine with my other sources that dove beyond this source.

Downham, Clare. Medieval Ireland. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018. Print.

The sections I utilized with Downham’s Medieval Ireland assisted me in a variety of ways and can be seen throughout many of my pages. Downham grants the reader with many backgrounds/overviews of the Vikings in Ireland and thus appeared extensively with background information on many of my pages and served as an excellent initial link to build my argument off of.

Harkel, Letty T, D. M. Hadley. Everyday Life in Viking-Age Towns: Social Approaches to Towns in England and Ireland, c. 800-1000. Oxford: Oxbow Books, 2013.

Harkel and Hadley’s source presented me with a variety of information, including the nature of Viking settlements, how the Irish socially interacted and responded to these settlements, and how both groups eventually sought social cohesion. This source presented both generic and specific information that was highly integrated into my evidence for social cohesion.

McKeown, Micheál. “Annagassan, A Study of the Viking Longphort.” Journal of the County Louth Archaeological and Historical Society 26, no. 1 (2005): 67–79. https://doi.org/10.2307/27729968.
McKeown’s article served a great importance within my Viking Settlements page as it granted me with an excellent overview of the physical nature and chronology of Viking Settlements in Ireland. Also, it granted me specific evidence on the founding, operations, and analysis of the famous Viking settlement of the Lisnaran Fort in Annagassan.

Paor, Liam de. “Viking Dublin.” Dublin Historical Record 31, no. 4 (1978): 142–45. http://www.jstor.org/stable/30104089.

This article by Paor and its combination with Simpsons article granted me with the context I needed for crafting the history and modern archaeological excavations of Viking Dublin. This article presented me with a series of images and analysis to build upon within my website and ultimately conveyed them to the reader as I uncovered the important role of Viking Dublin within the Irish historical record.

Sigurdsson, Jon V., Timothy Bolton. Celtic-Norse Relationships in the Irish Sea in the Middle Ages 800-1200. Leiden: Brill, 2014.

This book by Sigurdsson and Bolton provided me with information on the Vikings in Ireland that spanned across the board. This book tapped into the social, economic, religious, and political elements of the Vikings that spanned from the evident conflict that initially occurred to their eventual place in cohesion between the Vikings and Irish. Thus, this source really dipped into many of my pages as I argued for the complex position the Vikings took within Irish society.

Simpson, Linzi. “The Contribution of Development-Led Archaeology to our Understanding of the Medieval Archaeology of Dublin.” Archaeology Ireland 31, no. 3 (2017): 33-37.

I utilized Simpsons article to describe the nature of the current archaeological efforts being made to uncover the Viking city of Dublin, a source for images, and as a source for speculation of Viking habits through the analysis of what has been uncovered in Dublin. This source was strongly utilized within my outlook of the Dublin settlement and within my expression of the uncovered “Viking Footprint” that prompts our immediate attention in order to learn more about this group’s influence in Ireland.

Valante, Mary A. “Taxation, Tolls and Tribute: The Language of Economics and Trade in Viking-Age Ireland.” Proceedings of the Harvard Celtic Colloquium 18/19 (1998): 242–58. http://www.jstor.org/stable/20557344.
I utilized the information within Valante’s article in order to argue for aspects of economic cohesion between the Vikings and Irish. This source included information from the Irish Annals and their relation to the peaceful economic moves between the Vikings and Irish which was desirable for its link to the primary thoughts and events recorded by the Irish. Also, I found this source to be highly informative as it spoke to multi dimensions of Viking settlement and Gaelic-Scandinavian coexistence.

Image Citations:

Home page:

Figure 1: Simpson, Linzi. Photograph. Archaeology Ireland. 2017. https://www.jstor.org/stable/90014382

Figure 2: National Museum of Ireland. Photograph. Current Archaeology. June, 2017. Wood Quay: revealing the heart of Viking Dublin – Current Archaeology.

Figure 3: Simpson, Linzi. Photograph. Archaeology. March, 2015. https://www.archaeology.org/.

Figure 4: Simpson, Linzi. Photograph. Archaeology. March, 2015. https://www.archaeology.org/.

Evolution of Viking Settlement:

Figure 1:Boyd, Rebecca. Illustrated Map. Vikings in Ireland and Beyond: Before and After the Battle of Clontarf. 2015.

Figure 2: Boyd, Rebecca. Chart. Vikings in Ireland and Beyond: Before and After the Battle of Clontarf. 2015.

Figure 3: Wright, Thomas. Illustration. Journal of the County Lough Archaeological and Historical Society. 2005. https://www.jstor.org/stable/27729968.

Figure 4: McKeown, Micheal. Illustration. Journal of the County Lough Archaeological and Historical Society. 2005. https://www.jstor.org/stable/27729968.

Figure 5: Dick, Simon. Illustration. Archaeology Ireland. 2017. https://www.jstor.org/stable/90014382.

Additional Key Readings:

Patrick Wallace: Viking Dublin: Wood Quay Excavations