South Africa’s history spans from early indigenous settlements, through Dutch and British colonization, to the establishment of the Union of South Africa in 1910. The country experienced intense conflict during the Anglo-Zulu and Anglo-Boer wars. In 1948, the National Party implemented apartheid, enforcing racial segregation until growing internal resistance and international pressure led to its dismantling in the early 1990s. Nelson Mandela’s release from prison in 1990 paved the way for the first democratic elections in 1994, making him the first black president. Since then, South Africa has worked towards reconciliation and addressing the legacies of its divided past.
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